Data Rate | Latency | Localization accuracy | Main system parameters | Measurement scenario and parameters; | Additional Comments(the antenna array comparison) | |
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Proposed Solution | ~750 Mbps per link and can support up to 64 links within 10Gbps (100 MHz DL BW)Spectral Efficiency:7.5b/s/Hz | Measured 0.1 ms latency between UE and DRAN Physical Layers, which indicates < 1ms latency can be easily achieved | depends on the resolution that can be measured for the delay of the Zadoff-Chu sequences (with 10GHz clock = 0.03 meters)ut this can be affected by channel noise and bandwidth available for length of Z-C sequence, which needs to be tested experimentally and practical aspects such as synchronization and calibration of the whole system, the TDOA-estimator and its performance in multipath scenario (with only 100MHz). | 60GHz:
40GHz:
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Imec PHARA4 [1] | 4.5Gbps | – | – |
| It is a small 4-antenna module with 4 Tx-Rx phased array. It supports all 4 channels of the 802.11ad. | |
Metnet 60G mmWave [2] | 12Gbps Spectral Efficiency:5.6b/s/Hz | – | – |
| Beamforming phase array 16×2 element arrangement | |
NI mmWave Transceiver System [3] | – | – | – |
| Unidirectional 2×2 MIMO Bidirectional 2×2 MIMO, Ideal system for prototyping real-time two-way communications systems |
Data Rate | Latency | Localization accuracy | Main system parameters | Measurement scenario and parameters
| Modulation | Additional Comments(Add one column for the modulation comparison) | |
Proposed Solution
| 46mbps over 10MHz (EVM 4%) 2 meters per link and can support upto 64 links (about 3Gbps) within overall 10Gbps Spectral Efficiency:4.6b/s/Hz | VLP processing time: ~ 0.8s | ~ 10 cm | RSS, trilateration , IMU positioning
| Indoor environment 2x1x2.4m location area
| 3GPP 5G-NR modulation scheme | Testing with low cast commercial white LED and using 3GPP 5G NR modulation scheme |
Existing VLC Solution [1] | 15.73 Gb/s (Spectral Efficiency:3.933b/s/Hz for 4 links) | Off-line process | N/A | 4 single color LEDs, over 1.6m link (4 individual links) | Indoor lab, point-to-point system using aspheric condenser lenses | DCO-OFDM | this is the highest data rate ever reported for LED-based VLC systems |
Existing VLC Solution [2] | 25 Gb/s(testing at 20cm distance) Spectral Efficiency:0.958b/s/Hz | Real-time | N/A | A red-light vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), over 5m link | Under highly turbid harbor water | NRZ-OOK digital modulation | this is the world fastest NRZ-OOK UWOC system, based on laser |
Existing VLC Solution [3] | N/A | <20ms(location processing latency) | 3.40cm | 1.8 m × 1.8 m × 2.1 m location area | Indoor lab | N/A | high precision positioning with only 20 training points |
Existing VLC Solution [4] | 25 Gb/s | Real-time | N/A | A red-light vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), over 5m link | Under highly turbid harbor water | NRZ-OOK (IEEE.802.15.7 LiFi standard) | this is the world fastest NRZ-OOK UWOC system, based on laser |
Existing VLC Solution [5] | N/A | VLP Processing time:<1.14s | ~22 cm | RSS, Trilateration and multi-rotation light positioning 5x5x3 m location area | Indoor 3D positioning scenario with multi- rotation | IM/DD modulation: PSK | Positioning using Multi-rotation of Rx |
Existing VLC Solution [6] | N/A | N/A | 14 cm | RSS, Trilateration, IMU positioning | Indoor 2D positioning and tracking scenario 2.5 x2.5 x2.84 m location area | FSK | Calibration VLP with IMU, 34 cm VLP accuracy using 7LEDs |
Existing VLC Solution [9] | N/A | N/A | 2.4 cm | RSS, Trilateration , RF Carrier Allocation | Indoor 3D positioning lab Area: 0.6×0.6×0.6 m | TDMA | Positioning using intensity modulation/direct detection and carrier allocation methods |
Existing VLC Solution [7] | N/A | N/A | 25 cm | AOA, Triangulation, IMU | Indoor 3D positioning Area 5x3x3 m | N/A | Calibration VLP with accelerometer |